{"id":1706,"date":"2022-09-29T18:02:12","date_gmt":"2022-09-29T18:02:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/roydadnaft.ir\/English\/?p=1706"},"modified":"2022-09-29T18:02:15","modified_gmt":"2022-09-29T18:02:15","slug":"why-is-russia-sending-oil-and-gas-workers-to-fight-in-ukraine-it-may-signal-more-energy-cutoffs-ahead","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roydadnaft.ir\/English\/1706\/","title":{"rendered":"Why is Russia sending oil and gas workers to fight in Ukraine? It may signal more energy cutoffs ahead"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Russia\u2019s effort to conscript 300,000 reservists to counter Ukraine\u2019s military advances in Kharkiv has drawn a lot of attention from\u00a0military and\u00a0political\u00a0analysts. But there\u2019s also a potential energy angle.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In its call for reservists, Russia\u2019s leadership specifically\u00a0targeted oil and gas workers\u00a0for the draft. One might assume that energy workers, who provide fuel and export revenue that Russia desperately needs, are too valuable to the war effort to be conscripted. But this\u00a0surprising move\u00a0follows escalating energy conflicts between Russia and Europe.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\u00a0explosions in September 2022\u00a0that damaged the Nord Stream 1 and 2 gas pipelines from Russia to Europe, and that\u00a0may have been sabotage, are just the latest developments in this complex and unstable arena. As an\u00a0analyst of global energy policy, I expect that more energy cutoffs could be in the cards \u2013 either directly ordered by the Kremlin to escalate economic pressure on European governments or as a result of new sabotage, or even because shortages of trained Russian manpower as a result of conscription lead to accidents or stoppages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dwindling natural gas flows<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Russia has significantly reduced natural gas shipments to Europe in an effort to pressure European nations who are siding with Ukraine. In May 2022, the state-owned energy company Gazprom\u00a0closed a key pipeline\u00a0that runs through Belarus and Poland.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In June, the company reduced shipments to Germany via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline, which has a capacity of 170 million cubic meters per day, to only 40 million cubic meters per day. A few months later, Gazprom announced that Nord Stream 1 needed repairs and\u00a0shut it down completely. Now U.S. and European leaders charge that Russia\u00a0deliberately damaged the pipeline\u00a0to further disrupt European energy supplies. The timing of the pipeline explosion coincided with the start up of a\u00a0major new natural gas pipeline from Norway to Poland.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Russia has very limited alternative export infrastructure\u00a0that can move Siberian natural gas to other customers, like China, so most of the gas it would normally be selling to Europe cannot be shifted to other markets. Natural gas wells in Siberia may need to be taken out of production, or\u00a0shut in, in energy-speak, which could free up workers for conscription.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Restricting Russian oil profits<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Russia\u2019s call-up of reservists also includes workers from companies specifically focused on oil. This has led some seasoned analysts to question whether\u00a0supply disruptions might spread to oil, either by accident or on purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One potential trigger is the Dec. 5, 2022, deadline for the start of\u00a0phase six of European Union energy sanctions against Russia. Confusion about the package of restrictions and how they will relate to a cap on what buyers will pay for Russian crude oil has muted market volatility so far. But when the measures go into effect, they could initiate a new spike in oil prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under this sanctions package, Europe will completely stop buying seaborne Russian crude oil. This step isn\u2019t as damaging as it sounds, since many buyers in Europe have already shifted to alternative oil sources. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before Russia invaded Ukraine, it exported roughly 1.4 million barrels per day of crude oil to Europe by sea, divided between Black Sea and Baltic routes. In recent months, European purchases have fallen below 1 million barrels per day. But Russia has actually been able to increase total flows from Black Sea and Baltic ports by redirecting crude oil exports to\u00a0China, India and Turkey.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Russia has limited access to tankers, insurance and other services associated with moving oil by ship. Until recently, it acquired such services mainly from Europe. The change means that customers like China, India and Turkey have to\u00a0transfer some of their purchases of Russian oil at sea\u00a0from Russian-owned or chartered ships to ships sailing under other nations\u2019 flags, whose services might not be covered by the European bans. This process is common and not always illegal, but often is used to evade sanctions by obscuring where shipments from Russia are ending up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To compensate for this costly process, Russia is discounting its exports by US$40 per barrel. Observers generally assume that whatever Russian crude oil European buyers relinquish this winter will gradually find alternative outlets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is Russian oil going?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The U.S. and its European allies aim to discourage this increased outflow of Russian crude by further limiting Moscow\u2019s access to maritime services, such as tanker chartering, insurance and pilots\u00a0licensed and trained to handle oil tankers, for any crude oil exports to third parties outside of the G-7 who pay rates above the U.S.-EU price cap. In my view, it will be relatively easy to game this policy and obscure how much Russia\u2019s customers are paying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Sept. 9, 2022, the U.S. Treasury Department\u2019s Office of Foreign Assets Control issued\u00a0new guidance\u00a0for the Dec. 5 sanctions regime. The policy aims to limit the revenue Russia can earn from its oil while keeping it flowing. It requires that unless buyers of Russian oil can certify that oil cargoes were bought for reduced prices, they will be barred from obtaining European maritime services.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, this new strategy seems to be failing even before it begins. Denmark\u00a0is still making Danish pilots available\u00a0to move tankers through its precarious straits, which are a vital conduit for shipments of Russian crude and refined products. Russia has also found oil tankers that aren\u2019t subject to European oversight to move\u00a0over a third of the volume\u00a0that it needs transported, and it will likely obtain more.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Traders have been getting around these sorts of oil sanctions\u00a0for decades. Tricks of the trade include blending banned oil into other kinds of oil, turning off ship transponders to avoid detection of ship-to-ship transfers, falsifying documentation and delivering oil into and then later out of major storage hubs in remote parts of the globe. This explains why markets have been sanguine about the looming European sanctions deadline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One fuel at a time<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

But Russian President Vladimir Putin may have other ideas. Putin has already\u00a0threatened\u00a0a larger oil cutoff if the G-7 tries to impose its price cap, warning that Europe will be \u201cas frozen as a wolf\u2019s tail,\u201d referencing a Russian fairy tale.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U.S. officials are counting on the idea that Russia won\u2019t want to\u00a0damage its oil fields\u00a0by turning off the taps, which in some cases might create long-term field pressurization problems. In my view, this is poor logic for multiple reasons, including Putin\u2019s proclivity to sacrifice Russia\u2019s economic future for geopolitical goals.\u00a0Stand With Ukraine campaign coordinator Svitlana Romanko demonstrates in front of the European Parliament on Sept. 27, 2022.\u00a0Thierry Monasse\/Getty Images<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Russia managed to easily throttle back oil production when the COVID-19 pandemic destroyed world oil demand temporarily in 2020, and cutoffs of Russian natural gas exports to Europe have already greatly\u00a0compromised Gazprom\u2019s commercial future. Such actions show that commercial considerations are not a high priority in the Kremlin\u2019s calculus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How much oil would come off the market if Putin escalates his energy war? It\u2019s an open question. Global oil demand has fallen sharply in recent months amid high prices and recessionary pressures. The potential loss of 1 million barrels per day of Russian crude oil shipments to Europe is unlikely to jack the price of oil back up the way it did initially in February 2022, when demand was still robust. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speculators are betting that Putin will want to keep oil flowing to everyone else. China\u2019s Russian crude imports surged as high as 2 million barrels per day following the Ukraine invasion, and\u00a0India and Turkey\u00a0are buying significant quantities.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Refined products like diesel fuel are due for further EU sanctions in February 2023. Russia supplies close to 40% of Europe\u2019s diesel fuel at present, so that remains a significant economic lever. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The EU appears to know it must kick dependence on Russian energy completely, but its protected, one-product-at-a-time approach keeps Putin potentially in the driver\u2019s seat. In the U.S., local diesel fuel prices are highly influenced by competition for seaborne cargoes from European buyers. So U.S. East Coast importers could also be in for a bumpy winter.<\/p>\n

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